Before writing your position statement on Philosophical and Practical Approach for Balancing Issues, you should read Chapters 1 through11 in your textbook. Then, research at least three (3) peer-reviewed articles about individual rights, morality, ethics, individual rights, duty, or codes of conduct for criminal justice professionals.

Write a three to five (3-5) page paper in which you:

1. Create a philosophy and approach for balancing the issues of individual rights and the public’s protection. Provide one to two (1 to 2) examples illustrating how you will balance the two issues in your own career in law enforcement.
2. Determine a philosophy and approach for balancing the use of reward and punishment in criminal justice. Provide one to two (1-2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
3. Select a philosophy and approach that addresses the use of immoral means (e.g., torture or lying in interrogation) to accomplish desirable ends. Provide one to two (1-2) examples illustrating how you will use this philosophy in your own career.
4. Explain what you believe the Ethics of Care and Peacemaking Criminology presented in your textbook should mean for law enforcement professionals.
5. Support your position statement with three (3) relevant and credible references, documented according to latest edition of APA. (Note: Do not use open source sites such as Ask.com, eHow.com, Answers.com, and Wikipedia.)

Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:

• Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA format (latest edition). Check with your professor for any additional instructions.
• Include a cover page developed in accordance with the latest edition of APA, including a running head, page number, the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page, revision of the previous assignment, and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length.

The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are:

• Analyze the issues pertinent to codes of conduct and / or the ethics of duty.
• Recommend ways to use ethics to improve decision making in the criminal justice system.
• Analyze various philosophical approaches for ethical decision making, and the effectiveness and limits of each approach for making ethical choices.
• Analyze the ethical issues involved with balancing means and ends in the criminal justice field.
• Examine the key elements of virtue and character.
• Examine reasons for and effective ways to apply critical ethical thinking to criminal justice issues.
• Use technology and information resources to research issues in ethics and leadership in criminal justice.
• Write clearly and concisely about ethics and leadership in criminal justice using proper writing mechanics.

Review the following articles:

• Article 1
• Article 2
• Article 3

Based on the religious discrimination lawsuits outlined in the articles, imagine that you work for a retail store, and you were asked to develop training for employees and managers on reducing harassment and avoiding discrimination. In your presentation, address the following:

• Introduce the objective of the presentation.
• Introduce the company’s zero-tolerance harassment policy, and explain why it must be adhered to.
  • Address the consequences of not adhering to this policy.
• Discuss how employees and the organization will be affected by not complying with the zero-tolerance harassment policy by referring to Kant’s categorical imperative and corporate social responsibility. 

Be sure to apply the following in your presentation:

• A minimum of 2 references should be used to reinforce your thoughts.
• Be sure to include your references as in-text citations (on your slides) and on your reference slide.
• Expand your thoughts by including your presentation notes in the Notes field.

Please submit your assignment.

References

DelPo, A. (2014). Religious discrimination in the workplace: Employers must accommodate their employees’ religious beliefs–within reason. Retrieved from the NOLO Web site: http://www.nolo.com/legal-encyclopedia/religious-discrimination-workplace-30114.html

Pledger, M. (2011, November 25). Workplace religious discrimination complaints double over 10 years. Retrieved from The Huffington Post Web site: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/11/25/workplace-religious-discrimination_n_1112313.html

U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. (n.d.). Religious discrimination. Retrieved from http://www.eeoc.gov/laws/types/religion.cfm

10 slides, including title and references slides

Defend the viewpoint that praise reduces intrinsic motivation. Defend the viewpoint that praise is an effective strategy. What has been your experience giving and receiving reinforcement for your efforts? Why do you think there are such different points of view? How might biological and environmental factors affect the behavior of the child? How might these factors impact the effectiveness of praise?

Here is the story

The Case of Anna O.

One of the first cases that inspired Freud in the development of what would eventually become the Psychoanalytic Theory was the case of Anna O. Anna O. was actually a patient of one of Freud’s colleagues Josef Breuer. Using Breuer’s case notes, Freud was able to analyze the key facts of Anna O’s case.

Anna O. first developed her symptoms while she was taking care of her very ill father with whom she was extremely close. Some of her initial symptoms were loss of appetite to the extent of not eating, weakness, anemia, and development a severe nervous cough. Eventually she developed a severe optic headache and lost the ability to move her head, which then progressed into paralysis of both arms. Her symptoms were not solely physical as she would vacillate between a normal, mental state and a manic-type state in which she would become extremely agitated. There was even a notation of a time for which she hallucinated that the ribbons in her hair were snakes.

Toward the end of her father’s life she stopped speaking her native language of German and instead only spoke in English. A little over a year after she began taking care of her father he passed away. After his passing her symptoms grew to affect her vision, a loss of ability to focus her attention, more extreme hallucinations, and a number of suicidal attempts (Hurst, 1982).

Both Freud and Jung would acknowledge that unconscious processes are at work in this woman’s problems. However, they would come to different conclusions about the origin of these problems and the method by which she should be treated.

Research Freud’s and Jung’s theories of personality using your textbook, the Internet, and the Argosy University online library resources. Based on your research, respond to the following:

Here is the questions

Compare and contrast Freud’s view of the unconscious with Jung’s view and apply this case example in your explanations.
On what specific points would they agree and disagree regarding the purpose and manifestation of the unconscious in the case of Anna?

Examine how the diagnostic criteria for Autism has changed since first identified in the early 20^th Century.

Discuss the reasons that have been proposed for the increasing prevalence of Autism.

• Explain how the issue of increasing prevalence is affected by the fact that the precise cause of autism is unknown.
• Identify some of the research-proven strategies for educating students with autism.
• Identify some of the strategies utilized with children with autism that do not have evidence of effectiveness.
• Why have these become so prevalent?
• What, if anything, is the danger in implementing such strategies?

• xplain how the dynamic and evolving definition of giftedness changed the ways in which students are identified and served.
• Give examples of provisions that should, and can be, made to accurately identify students who are from racially, culturally, and economically different groups or who have disabilities.
• What are some strategies for differentiating curriculum for gifted and talented students? What are your thoughts on these?
• What are some challenges that teachers of gifted children face?

Reading:

Case Unethical Leadership at Enron

Enron was an energy and communications company that grew rapidly after the 1988 deregulation of the energy markets in the United States. Early in 2001, the company employed around 22,000 people, and at that time Kenneth Lay was the Chairman of the Board and the CEO was Jeffrey Skilling. Fortune magazine named Enron “America’s Most Innovative Company” for 6 consecutive years from 1996 to 2001. The company was on Fortune’s list of 100 best companies to work for in America for the year 2000, and it was widely praised for having good benefits and for effective management. However, the public image of benevolence and effective management was false, and the company was not as successful as it appeared.

With the help of their accountants and attorneys, top executives created subsidiaries that looked like partnerships and made it possible to sell assets and create false earnings. Offshore entities were used to avoid taxes, inflate assets and profits, and hide losses. Risky new ventures were initiated, such as EnronOnline, a web‐based service for buying, selling, and trading energy contracts. Conflict‐of‐interest rules were relaxed to allow executives to benefit personally from questionable ventures that in most cases were a drain on company funds and resulted in losses. Contorted financial deceptions were used to hide losses and create the illusion of billions in profits. This practice drove up the price of Enron stock to new levels, and in August of 2000, the stock reached its highest value of $90.

Unethical practices were not limited to top executives, and the company culture of individualism, innovation, and unrestrained pursuit of profits eroded the ethical behavior of many Enron employees. In one scheme used to increase profits, energy was transferred out of California to create blackouts and increase the price of electricity. Then the energy was transferred back to California and sold at higher prices, generating billions of dollars in extra profits. Under Skilling, Enron began using an accounting practice in which anticipated future revenues from any deal were counted as actual earnings in the current reporting period. To attain unrealistic profit objectives and increase their bonuses, employees were encouraged to exaggerate estimated future profits from sales. Employees involved in arranging sales were pressured to out‐perform each other wherever possible. Each year 15 to 20% of the employees with the lowest performance were fired and replaced by new employees. Anyone who questioned the unethical practices or conflict of interests at Enron was fired, reassigned, or passed over for promotion.

Top executives at Enron who knew about the financial deceptions and growing losses began selling millions of dollars worth of their own company stock. At the same time, they told the investors and employees to buy the stock because it would continue to climb much higher. As executives sold their shares, the price began to drop, but Kenneth Lay made appearances to calm investors and assure them that Enron was headed in the right direction. Skilling resigned in August of 2001 for “personal reasons” and was allowed to sell significant amounts of stock at a premium price. He was replaced as CEO by Kenneth Lay, who promised the public there were no hidden problems at Enron. By August 15, 2001, the stock price was down to $15, but many investors still trusted Lay and continued to hold their stock or buy more of it. The final plunge in stock values occurred after the discovery that Enron’s recorded assets and profits were inflated and the company’s debts and losses were not being reported accurately. At that point some executives attempted to cover up their unethical actions by destroying records that could be used as evidence against them, and they attempted to shift the blame for the problems to others.

Enron filed for bankruptcy in December, 2001. It was the biggest and most complex bankruptcy case in U.S. history, and it had a devastating effect on thousands of employees and investors. The scandal also caused the dissolution of Arthur Andersen, one of the largest accounting firms at the time, after employees of the firm were discovered to have destroyed documents concerning the auditing of Enron finances. Andersen was supposedly serving as an independent auditor of Enron finances while at the same time charging millions of dollars in fees as a management consultant. This conflict of interest could explain why Enron’s financial deceptions were not revealed by Andersen audits.

Questions 

1. How can the theories in this chapter and the theories of leader influence on organizational culture be used to explain the unethical practices at Enron?

2. What can be done to reduce this type of unethical leadership in the future?

Describe a time when you experienced anomie in an organization. What factors led to your feelings of powerlessness and alienation? How did anomie influence your behavior?